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hi everyone I'm Jessica and I'm Joey and

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we work in the History Program office at

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NASA headquarters in Washington DC the

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NASA history Program office keeps track

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of everything nASA has done since it was

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founded in 1958

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that's only 54 years ago that's younger

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than my grandparents and in that time

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nASA has done a whole lot more than just

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send a man to the moon they fill planes

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that fly faster than the speed of sound

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explored our solar system and taking

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pictures of objects billions of

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light-years away with the hubble space

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telescope in fact Voyager 1 a spacecraft

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launched by NASA in 1977 is still

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traveling through the universe and will

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soon become the first man-made object to

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leave our solar system showing us what

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lies beyond the reaches of our Sun in

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the history program office we keep track

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of these events and the documents videos

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photos and audio files that go with them

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the original documents in photos are

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stored at the National Archives in

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Washington DC but we keep copies here in

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our archives hey Joey

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why do we even need to keep track of

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NASA history it's already happened

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well Jessica NASA is making history

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every day it's important to look back

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and know what we've done so we can

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repeat our successes and learn from our

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mistakes that's right and it's important

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to remember that we wouldn't be where we

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are today without the hard work and

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passion of the astronauts engineers

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scientists and administrators who came

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before us for example do you know what

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the first a in NASA stands for oh I know

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I know

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uh aeronautics that's right aeronautics

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is the study of how things fly and we've

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been studying aeronautics since long

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before NASA starting with the NACA the

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NACA what's that the National Advisory

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Committee for Aeronautics it was started

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in 1915 that's not too long after the

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Wright brothers had their first flight

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at Kitty Hawk North Carolina yep when

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the Wright brothers flew the first

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airplane in 1903 people became very

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interested in building better and faster

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flying machines Orville Wright was

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actually one of the early members of the

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NACA at the NACA engineers focused on

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designing planes that were

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faster safer and cheaper to build they

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tested their designs in wind tunnels

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tunnels above-ground that had air

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flowing through them to mimic wind why

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was it so hard to build faster planes it

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has to do with this thing called drag

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drag is a force that pushes against

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planes in the air the faster the plane

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is flying the more drag there is so what

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did the engineers do well they came up

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with many different designs one of the

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ways they solved this problem was

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cowling putting a hood on the engine of

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the plane like the hood on the engine of

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a car right they also fiddled with the

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shape of the wings and plane body one of

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the engineers Richard Whitcomb figured

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out in 1951 that a plane with a narrowed

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shape had less drag and could fly faster

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how fast were those planes able to fly

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at supersonic speeds

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meaning faster than the speed of sound

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in the 1940s supersonic was all the rage

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Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in

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1947 whoa are there planes that fly that

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fast today there was a plane called the

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Blackbird which was the world's fastest

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jet propelled aircraft in 1990 it flew

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from Los Angeles to Washington DC in one

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hour four minutes and 20 seconds it flew

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2,000 124 miles per hour

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that's like sprinting across ten

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football fields per second the Blackbird

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is retired now but you can still visit

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it at the national air and space

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museum's udvar-hazy center in Virginia

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so when did the United States start

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preparing to go to space that's a good

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question it all started at the end of

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World War two when the United States and

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the Soviet Union were at odds with each

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other the United States announced it was

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going to place a satellite in orbit in

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1957 but the Soviet Union got there

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first didn't it

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yep the Soviet Union launched the first

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satellite Sputnik into space on October

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4th 1957 the United States was really

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worried that we were falling behind so

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in 1958 President Eisenhower started

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NASA the National Aeronautics and Space

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Administration NASA got to work right

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away taking over the NACA and using all

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its resources to catch up with the

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Soviet Union in the new space age Soviet

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cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin may have been the

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first person in space but with every

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mission NASA reached new levels and

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unmanned and manned space exploration

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with Project Mercury Alan B Shepard

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became the first American in space and

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John H Glenn became the first American

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to orbit the Earth pretty soon we were

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strolling through space as Edward H

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White did the first space walk during

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project Gemini with the Apollo program

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humans finally stepped onto the moon I

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believe that this nation should commit

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itself to achieving the goal before this

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decade is out of landing a man on the

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moon and returning him safely to the

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earth

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President Kennedy challenged NASA to get

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us there before 1970 and we did it just

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in the nick of time in 1969 Neil

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Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin walked

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along the lunar surface during their

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moonwalk astronaut Michael Collins

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orbited the moon in the command module

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then six more Apollo missions followed

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and twelve astronauts in total have been

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to the moon but the going wasn't easy

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for example Apollo 13 didn't land on the

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moon but it did return its crew safely

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back to earth making it a successful

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failure the first scientist in space a

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geologist named Jack Schmitt went to the

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moon on Apollo 17 oh hey Jessica what

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about the Soviet Union the ones who made

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the first satellite Sputnik what

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happened to them well they were just as

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busy developing their space program as

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we were in 1975 the Americans and the

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Soviets worked together on a project

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called the apollo-soyuz test project

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both countries launch their own

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spacecraft that joined together in space

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after the Apollo Soyuz NASA worked on

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the space shuttle program did you know

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that the space shuttle orbiters were

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reusable since 1981 five space shuttles

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Columbia challenger discovery Atlantis

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and endeavour completed over 100 flights

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orbiting the earth more than 20,000

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times the shuttle program lasted for 30

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years from 1981 to 2011 in those 30

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years and 135 space shuttle flights to

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shuttles were tragically lost challenger

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in 1986 and Columbia in 2003 they remind

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us that space flight is always a risk

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and those that risk their lives to help

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us understand space are true heroes the

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space shuttle program was a landmark

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for NASA in many ways without the Space

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Shuttle we wouldn't have been able to

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build the International Space Station

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where astronauts and scientists from all

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over the world spend months doing

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research and learning about how being in

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space affects humans and changes

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different aspects of science for example

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how do people in processes change when

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there's no gravity we also used the

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space shuttle to launch repair and

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upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope to

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observe stars and galaxies clearer than

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ever before Joey guess what what did you

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know the International Space Station was

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not the first time Americans have spent

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long periods of time in space NASA

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started keeping humans in orbit with

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Skylab a small workshop that orbited

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earth astronauts stayed there for months

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at a time - and what about the

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shuttle-mir program before the

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International Space Station NASA sent

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astronauts to the Russian space station

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Mir to learn more about long-duration

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spaceflight and to prepare for the

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challenges of building a new complex

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space station the success of the ISS

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depend on the ability of many different

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countries to work together and the

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shuttle-mir program was good practice

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but Joey did you know that not all space

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exploration requires a person to

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actually go into space really how does

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that work NASA often uses unmanned

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spacecraft to better understand new

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places that way when humans arrived they

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know what to expect and are prepared

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even before NASA sent astronauts to the

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moon

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they sent spacecrafts to take pictures

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and practice landing on the lunar

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surface and what have we done since then

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in the past 50 years our unmanned

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spacecrafts have explored our entire

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solar system particularly Jupiter Saturn

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and Mars looking for signs of water and

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life these spacecrafts have gone farther

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than any human being for example the

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robotic space probes pioneer 10 and 11

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reached Jupiter and Saturn in the early

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70s Voyager 1 and 2 were also launched

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in the 70s to complete a grand tour of

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the solar system they are still working

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today and NASA believes that Voyager 1

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is close to leaving our solar system

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these probes are each carrying pictures

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and sounds from life on Earth just in

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case they are found by extraterrestrials

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NASA is also big on exploring Mars it

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takes spacecraft seven to ten months to

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reach Mars and landing on Mars is no

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easy task

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the Pathfinder Lander and Sojourner

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Rover arrived on Mars in 1997 and

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provided an unprecedented amount of data

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at the planet two more Rovers Spirit and

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Opportunity collected data about the

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geology and atmosphere of Mars starting

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in 2004 so what did they find out about

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Mars so far do little green Martians

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live on Mars scientists are very curious

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to find out how Mars has changed over

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time particularly if water and life ever

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existed on Mars and if they do find life

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it probably won't be a little green men

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instead it might be tiny microbial life

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about the same size as the thickness of

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one of your hairs hey Joey

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yeah I was thinking what happened to

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aeronautics well it's the first day in

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NASA and it's still a very important

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part of NASA NASA builds airplanes that

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fly at very fast speeds such as the x-15

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which was powered by a rocket to help us

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practice building better planes for both

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travelers and the military NASA also

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worked on lifting bodies flying objects

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without wings all of this work helped

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build the Space Shuttle in 2004 the

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x-43a airplane built by NASA set a

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record by flying ten times the speed of

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sound whoa

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how fast is that that's more than 11,000

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feet per second did you know the NASA is

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also finding new ways to learn about

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Earth from the sky hell through

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satellites we have been using

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communication satellites since the 1960s

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to connect with people all over the

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world for example the first television

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broadcast across the Atlantic Ocean

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happened between Maine and France in

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1962 thanks to the Telstar satellite

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even today our cell phones depend on

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communication satellites is that all we

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use satellites for not at all have you

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ever heard of Landsat Landsat satellites

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look at Earth from the sky and send us

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information to help us understand our

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planet NASA is also studying our earth

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in other ways to learn more about

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challenges in the climate and how humans

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are contributing to these changes Wow

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so NASA really has done a whole lot more

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than just send a man to the moon it sure

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has NASA's played a key role in changing

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what we know about ourselves our planet

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and the universe around us it's also

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expanded the boundaries of human

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capability at first going to the moon

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seemed impossible now Voyager 1 is about

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to leave our solar system can you

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imagine that but there's an infinite

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amount of exploration left to do and

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here's where you can help whether you

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want to be an astronaut an engineer a

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scientist a report

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a teacher or historian there's a place

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for you here at NASA as we've seen today

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NASA depends on the passion hardwork and

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out-of-the-box thinking of people like

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you thanks for watching making history